With many thanks to Mark Nicholoson and Wendy Meagher for their help in developing this story.
Colin Tudge, author of ‘The Secret Life of Trees’ says ‘we see that between trees and their parasites there is the same counterpoise of antagonism and collaboration – war, peace and uneasy truce – that we find in all ecology. Over time we can discern co-evolution, as each player in each relationship adapts more and more minutely to the other. When the relationship is antagonistic, this co-evolution becomes an arms race, with predators or parasites and prey each upping the ante as centuries pass. When it is cooperative, the relationship tends to become more intricate with time, until the various players become totally interdependent” p 352